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Manage consent. With the assistance of a chronometer, the subject was required to swallow every 30 seconds. Each subject had the saccharin test performed in the same manner. The time at which the subject tasted the saccharin was recorded in minutes.
The subjects were required to maintain their positions throughout the entire test and were not allowed to take any deep breaths, to cough, to sneeze, to speak or to smell for the duration of the test. Age has been reported to be a factor that affects nasal MCC In addition, the temperature of the environment, humidity and partial oxygen pressure are other factors that affect nasal MCC.
For this reason, our study included subjects who lived in the same city, with the aim of standardizing the temperature, humidity and atmosphere of the study. Nasal MCC of a normal nose is expected to be between 7 and 15 minutes The data were analyzed using the SPSS Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-squared test.
Continuous data analysis in the independent groups was performed using the t-test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis. A total of 78 participants were included in the study, with 42 males and 36 females, aged from 18 to 41 years. The control group, composed of healthy volunteers who did not use hookahs to smoke, included 40 participants, 22 males and 18 females, with an average age of The hookah-smoking group had 38 participants, 21 males and 17 females, with an average age of The mean MCC values of all the groups are shown in Table 1.
N1: the group that had one hookah session a week; N2: the group that had more than one hookah session a week;. MCC values have been expressed in minutes. N1: the group that had one hookah session a week, N2: the group that had more than one hookah session a week. Nasal MCC is the first defense system against harmful stimulants from outside. Harmful particles that come from outside are trapped by the mucus layer and pushed to the pharynx by the cilia transport mechanism.
They are later expelled from the body either through coughing or swallowing. This mechanism depends on three components: the volume and composition of airway surface liquid mucus and periciliary fluid , the ciliary structure and beating frequency, and the mucus—cilia interaction Active smoking has been causally associated with nasal MCC, and the correlation has been described in detail in previous literature 15 , However, no study has been conducted on the effects on MCC of the hookah as an alternative way of smoking tobacco.
Increased use of hookahs for tobacco consumption has recently been witnessed in developed countries, such as the United States, especially among youths of college age This has become a public health problem, and the authorities are aware of it. A number of studies have shown the negative effects that hookah smoking has on human health.
Haddat et al. This review study has shown that mild symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing could develop in both active and passive hookah smokers. In addition, these could result in serious respiratory tract diseases such as chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder, chronic bronchitis and asthma. These kinds of symptoms and diseases are similar to those seen in cigarette smokers Cigarette smoking causes damage to MCC, resulting in the easy passage of harmful particles to the lower respiratory tract and the beginning of a chronic inflammatory process In our study, impairment of nasal MCC is particularly prevalent in those subjects who had more than one hookah session a week.
The risk associated with this amount of hookah smoking is similar to that of cigarettes for the above mentioned respiratory tract diseases. Comparisons of the chemical composition of cigarettes and hookahs have revealed some similarities Nicotine, harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and volatile aldehydes, ultrafine particles, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs , are present in both cigarettes and hookahs 19 - After comparing a minute hookah session to smoking a single cigarette, it was found that the hookah smoker had higher nicotine and carbon monoxide concentrations, and 20 times more PAHs, than the cigarette smoker As mentioned previously, most of the toxic molecules in cigarettes are also present in hookah, and these toxic molecules may result in impairment of nasal MCC An 8-month-old child swallowed two old cigarette butts while in the care of a sitter.
When the mother arrived at home, the child seemed drowsy and limp, so she called paramedics. The child was transported to the hospital where she was given oxygen.
Her breathing was slow and she was very drowsy. The child couldn't breathe well enough by herself; a breathing tube was placed and attached to a ventilator. Gastric lavage was performed to help wash out her stomach and she was given activated charcoal; these were used to reduce the amount of nicotine absorbed by her bloodstream. The nicotine had also caused the child to produce excess secretions which were making it hard to breathe.
Medication was administered to dry her secretions. She was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit where she remained minimally responsive for the rest of the night. The next day, the child could breathe on her own. After three days in the hospital, her symptoms resolved and she was released. CNS depression in an infant after the ingestion of tobacco: a case report.
Vet Hum Toxicol. Signs and symptoms of nicotine poisoning, along with treatment information CDC.
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