Total population of Bolivia Total population of Brazil Total population of Chile Total population of Ecuador Total population of Colombia Total population of Paraguay Total population of Peru Total population of Uruguay Total population of Venezuela Gross domestic product GDP of selected global regions Travel and tourism's direct contribution to GDP worldwide , by region.
More interesting topics Related topics. Advertising industry in Latin America. Travel and tourism in Latin America. Internet usage in Latin America. E-commerce in Latin America. Aviation in Latin America. History The continent is also well known because of its turbulent past during its colonization which started in the late s. Economy The main economic activities of South America are mining, agriculture and forestry. Latin America History Latin America is a term attributed to the region that covers all countries in the Americas that speak a romantic language or a language derived from Latin such as French, Spanish or Portuguese.
Geography There is a lack of consensus and many different opinions as to what countries and lands should be included in Latin America. Languages As mentioned before only Latin-based languages are spoken in Latin America. Economy Because of the varied make up of Latin America, its economy is just as complex. The differences between Latin America and South America Latin America is a cultural entity commonly defined as a group of countries in the Americas where one of the Latin-based languages are spoken.
Latin America includes most of the South American continent but it is much larger. South America versus Latin America South America is a geographical entity South America is made up of 16 countries and islands South America is defined by its geographical borders South America is made up of As population, Latin America is much larger than South America. Geographically Latin America covers much more territory than South America. Author Recent Posts. Maria Claudia Maier.
Latest posts by Maria Claudia Maier see all. Help us improve. Rate this post! Cancel Reply. References : [0]Holloway, Thomas H. The other important source of variation is not drug production or trafficking per se, but how governments deal with illegal drug markets Lessing, There are some countries that are ranked as large producers of drug-related products, but have little violence linked to them.
On the other hand, there are other countries with small drug markets, or with territories exclusively used as trafficking routes, where there are high levels of violence associated to these activities. Governments sometimes confront, sometimes appease, and sometimes simply turn a blind eye to drug trafficking; each policy option leading to divergent outcomes in terms of violence. Nonetheless, even if structural sources of violence play an important role in explaining insecurity in Latin America, the perception many people have is that the main source of violence and crime is impunity.
Everyday life in most countries in the region goes on with the expectation that the authorities will not be able to intervene when a robbery or homicide is committed, and once it is committed the expectation is that victims will not receive much help.
Furthermore, perpetrators will most likely not be punished or if they are punished this punishment will be attenuated by their relative economic or political power. In this respect prospects are grim. Reflecting on the future, the region has to seriously reconsider the basic premises of what produces violence, and what controls it.
It has to rethink both the role of the state and the role of society on what controls the use of violence in everyday life, and what exacerbates it. By any standard measure, the Latin American state is weak and fragile.
Perhaps the most obvious indicator is the size of the percentage of the economy accounted for by the state. Whether measured in terms of revenue or expenditure, the Latin American states are small and broadly ineffective. Paradoxically, Latin American states do perform well in some of the functions associated with strong institutions. The region as a whole outperforms countries with similar wealth in providing some foundation of public health and educations.
But in others and notably monopoly over the means of violence as described above Latin American government institutions are widely perceived as inadequate. Infrastructure is one area where the region underperforms based on its wealth. This creates a permanent obstacle to more sophisticated forms of economic development and also takes a toll on citizens relying on transport and communication services.
The delivery of some services such as postal and garbage collection is very bad and has often been absorbed by private sector firms. One indication of the relative weakness of the state is the size of the informal economy. While some may argue that this serves as an economic dynamism, it also means that the state has a difficult time taxing much of the economic activity and also fails to protect workers.
The enforcement of contracts is also a problem, as confidence in the courts remains low. A similar story could be told of the public service in general where with the exception of some islands of excellence such as Central Banks standards are less than Weberian Centeno et al. Corruption is a major problem and as in the case of Brazil over the past few years, a source not just of economic inefficiency, but a challenger to the legitimacy of government itself.
Some of these conditions are the product of the international context and some might be the product of domestic political coalitions.
Therefore, the future is far from certain. On the one hand, it could be argued that increased and increasing globalization further diminishes the capacity of states to control fiscal policy, and thus redistribute wealth through services and social policy. On the other hand, rising globalization may allow for more opportunities for developing countries to turn commodity booms into sources of capitalization for local investment.
Furthermore, criminal enterprises have expanded the access to international markets both as sellers as in the case of drug-trafficking and as buyers as in the case of money laundering and arms , while international cooperation may allow for better coordination in the pursuit of transnational criminal organizations. Many of the challenges facing Latin America in the 21st Century are ones with which it has dealt since independence from Spain years ago.
The dependence on fragile trade relationships and primary products, the incessant violence, and inequality practically defined the region in the 19th Century.
The fragility of the environment and the global web are new, but the outstanding challenge remains the same: the institutionalization of social order through the state.
While the region may not be able to resolve all the challenges it faces, nothing can be done without the solidification of state capacity. Some states in Latin America might be better than others with regards to their performance in terms of the provision of certain services, or the implementation of particular policies.
However, the type of solidification in dire need is one the makes both state and society more regular and predictable. Everyday, Latin Americans makes use of their ingenuity in order to deal with the unexpected and irregular sources of violence, poverty, and environmental phenomena.
However, individual ingenuity is costly when mostly directed at basic needs, and uncertainty has only increased with globalization and with the slow pace by which the world has met the challenge of human-made environmental changes. Overall, Latin American states have not been able to make economic activity predictable for most of the population.
Policies directed towards social inclusion have become less and less about building institutions that permanently help individuals deal with the uncertainties of the market, and more about providing minimal and intermittent relief to those in a situation of emergency.
Likewise, most states throughout the region have not been able to control interpersonal violence and in some cases the state itself has become a source of increased violence. Paradoxically, this means that in a more uncertain world, instead of states becoming a source of stability and regularity, they have become an added source of uncertainty for everyday life. This paradox might be the greatest challenge Latin America has to face. Meeting the challenge implies that countries will need stronger states, not only for implementing specific policies, but more importantly for developing new ways to regularly deal with the increasing risks their populations are facing.
Centeno, Miguel A. Yashar Eds. States in the Developing World. Centeno, Miguel, M. Nag, TS Patterson, A. Shaver, A. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, , Huber, Evelyne. Lessing, Benjamin. Small Arms Survey. The first European to arrive in America were Spanish soon followed by Portuguese. They colonized brazil. The majority of Latin America gained independence from the Portuguese in , and between and another section of Latin America gained independence from Spain.
In , Cuba one of the two remaining colonies of Spain gained independence. South America is one of the seven continents and it is the fourth largest continent in the world. In the Western Hemisphere, simply as America, it s the Southern portion of the landmass on earth generally referred to as the New World.
Geographically speaking, South America is Roughly triangular in shape and compact, being tapering to a point Chile in the south and broad in the north towards Central America.
It is separated from Antarctica in the south by the Drake Passage.
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